a column by Eric Golson for VOX: CEPR’s Policy Portal
Neutrality has long been viewed as impartiality in war.
This column, part of the Vox debate on World War II, asserts that neutral states in the war were realist in approaching their defence to ensure their survival. Neutrals such as Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland maintained independence by offering economic concessions to the belligerents to make up for their relative military weakness.
Economic concessions took the form of merchandise trade, services, labour, and capital flows. Depending on their position and the changing fortunes of war, neutral countries could also extract concessions from the belligerents, if their situation permitted.
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Showing posts with label labour. Show all posts
Showing posts with label labour. Show all posts
Friday, 15 November 2019
Friday, 1 November 2019
More power to the people: Electricity adoption, technological change and social conflict
a column by Jakob Molinder, Tobias Karlsson and Kerstin Enflo for VOX: CEPR’s Policy Portal
History has shown that new technology can disrupt societies, and current developments in automation have raised anxious speculation on what might happen if stable middle-class jobs are taken over by machines.
This column analyses the impact of technological change on labour markets and social protests, taking the case of the adoption of electricity in early 20th century Sweden. It finds that electrification did increase the incidence of local strikes, but that disputes were associated with workers demanding higher wages and better working conditions rather than attempting to block innovation.
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History has shown that new technology can disrupt societies, and current developments in automation have raised anxious speculation on what might happen if stable middle-class jobs are taken over by machines.
This column analyses the impact of technological change on labour markets and social protests, taking the case of the adoption of electricity in early 20th century Sweden. It finds that electrification did increase the incidence of local strikes, but that disputes were associated with workers demanding higher wages and better working conditions rather than attempting to block innovation.
Continue reading
Monday, 14 October 2019
Multinational enterprises in time and space: The effect of trade policy shocks
a column by Stefania Garetto, Lindsay Oldenski and Natalia Ramondo for VOX: CEPR’s Policy Portal
Multinational enterprises play an important role in coordinating production around the globe.
This column presents a dynamic quantitative model of multinational enterprise expansion that can be used to analyse the effects of policies that affect the cost of the operations of such firms. It uses this model to estaimte the impact of potential implementations of Brexit.
Continue reading
Multinational enterprises play an important role in coordinating production around the globe.
This column presents a dynamic quantitative model of multinational enterprise expansion that can be used to analyse the effects of policies that affect the cost of the operations of such firms. It uses this model to estaimte the impact of potential implementations of Brexit.
Continue reading
Tuesday, 2 July 2019
On the socially optimal labour share of income
a column by Jakub Growiec, Peter McAdam and Jakub Mućk for VOX: CEPR’s Policy Portal
The worldwide decline of the labour share is worrying, because the labour share is thought to be too low.
This column attempts to derive an estimate of the socially optimal labour share. The calibration implies that the socially optimal share is 17% higher than the historical average.
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Hazel&rsquo's comment:
I will freely admit that I did not manage to follow all the statistical analysis. I have been too long awau from the coalface.
The worldwide decline of the labour share is worrying, because the labour share is thought to be too low.
This column attempts to derive an estimate of the socially optimal labour share. The calibration implies that the socially optimal share is 17% higher than the historical average.
Continue reading
Hazel&rsquo's comment:
I will freely admit that I did not manage to follow all the statistical analysis. I have been too long awau from the coalface.
Friday, 24 May 2019
Exploitation of workers becomes more socially acceptable if the workers are perceived as "passionate" about their jobs
a post by Cory Doctorow for the Boing Boing blog
In a new paper in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, a team from Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business found that people look more favorably on exploiting workers (making do "extra, unpaid, demeaning work") if the workers are "passionate" about their jobs.
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There’s a couple of very useful links.
In a new paper in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, a team from Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business found that people look more favorably on exploiting workers (making do "extra, unpaid, demeaning work") if the workers are "passionate" about their jobs.
Continue reading
There’s a couple of very useful links.
Wednesday, 8 May 2019
Promotions and the Peter Principle
a column by Alan Benson, Danielle Li and Kelly Shu for VOX: CEPR’s Policy Portal
The Peter Principle states that organisations promote people who are good at their jobs until they reach their ‘level of incompetence’, implying that all managers are incompetent.
This column examines data on worker- and manager-level performance for almost 40,000 sales workers across 131 firms and finds evidence that firms systematically promote the best salespeople, even though these workers end up becoming worse managers, and even though there are other observable dimensions of sales worker performance that better predict managerial quality.
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The Peter Principle states that organisations promote people who are good at their jobs until they reach their ‘level of incompetence’, implying that all managers are incompetent.
This column examines data on worker- and manager-level performance for almost 40,000 sales workers across 131 firms and finds evidence that firms systematically promote the best salespeople, even though these workers end up becoming worse managers, and even though there are other observable dimensions of sales worker performance that better predict managerial quality.
Continue reading
Wednesday, 20 March 2019
The impact of AI and information technologies on worker stress
a column by Isamu Yamamoto for VOX: CEPR’s Policy Portal
The adoption of new information technologies such as AI in more workplaces is influencing not just employment and wages, but worker well-being such as job satisfaction, stress, and health.
Surveying approximately 10,000 workers in Japan, this column analyses the impact of new information technologies on the nature of tasks performed by workers, job satisfaction, and work-related stress. It finds that AI adoption contributes to both greater job satisfaction and increased stress, and considers approaches to maximise the positives of new technologies adoption while minimising its negative side effects.
Continue reading
The adoption of new information technologies such as AI in more workplaces is influencing not just employment and wages, but worker well-being such as job satisfaction, stress, and health.
Surveying approximately 10,000 workers in Japan, this column analyses the impact of new information technologies on the nature of tasks performed by workers, job satisfaction, and work-related stress. It finds that AI adoption contributes to both greater job satisfaction and increased stress, and considers approaches to maximise the positives of new technologies adoption while minimising its negative side effects.
Continue reading
Monday, 17 December 2018
Labour market flexibility during financial crises: Firm-level evidence from Spain
a column by Luc Laeven, Peter McAdam and Alexander Popov for VOX: CEPR’s Policy Portal
There are good arguments both in favour and against the idea that more labour market flexibility will deliver benefits to an economy during a downturn.
This column presents novel evidence on this question, using data from Spain during the 2008–09 credit crunch.
The results show that credit-constrained firms grow faster if they are subject to less strict firing and hiring restrictions, as long as they are technologically able to substitute labour for capital. The findings provide an argument in favour of more flexible labour laws.
Continue reading
There are good arguments both in favour and against the idea that more labour market flexibility will deliver benefits to an economy during a downturn.
This column presents novel evidence on this question, using data from Spain during the 2008–09 credit crunch.
The results show that credit-constrained firms grow faster if they are subject to less strict firing and hiring restrictions, as long as they are technologically able to substitute labour for capital. The findings provide an argument in favour of more flexible labour laws.
Continue reading
Monday, 19 November 2018
Welsh devolution as passive revolution
an article by Daniel John Evans (Cardiff University, UK) published in Capital & Class Volume 42 Issue 3 (October 2018)
Abstract
Welsh devolution has not been adequately theorised.
Following the narrow vote for Welsh devolution in 1997, many academics in Wales adopted a nakedly ‘celebratory’, uncritical view of devolution as a radical change to the British state, taking at face value the claim that it was designed to rejuvenate Welsh democracy.
The power relations inherent to the transformation of the British state are rarely discussed in Wales. As a consequence, the developments which have occurred in Wales since devolution – political disengagement, the rise of the far right, the vote for Brexit – seem hard to grasp: it is simply presumed that something has ‘gone wrong’ with the application of devolution. This dominant way of thinking assumes that devolution was designed to ‘work’.
Using Gramsci’s concept of passive revolution, this article argues that devolution to Wales (and Scotland) was a central plank of New Labour’s transformation of both the Labour Party and the British state.
Building on a reading of the post-war British state as a historic bloc, I draw attention to the power relations inherent in Welsh devolution and the ‘top down’ nature of the process, which was led by the Labour party in order to preserve its hegemony in Wales and the United Kingdom as a whole.
After outlining the political struggles and strategies of transformismo which occurred within the process of passive revolution, where hegemony is temporarily ‘thinned’, I contend that contemporary Wales represents a period of interregnum, where the old world (the traditional centralised British state) has died, but a new Welsh state cannot be born.
As Gramsci predicted, this has led to the emergence of a host of ‘morbid symptoms’ in Wales.
I conclude by reflecting on the nature of the interregnum and whether ‘restoration’ or ‘revolution’ is likely to triumph in Wales.
Abstract
Welsh devolution has not been adequately theorised.
Following the narrow vote for Welsh devolution in 1997, many academics in Wales adopted a nakedly ‘celebratory’, uncritical view of devolution as a radical change to the British state, taking at face value the claim that it was designed to rejuvenate Welsh democracy.
The power relations inherent to the transformation of the British state are rarely discussed in Wales. As a consequence, the developments which have occurred in Wales since devolution – political disengagement, the rise of the far right, the vote for Brexit – seem hard to grasp: it is simply presumed that something has ‘gone wrong’ with the application of devolution. This dominant way of thinking assumes that devolution was designed to ‘work’.
Using Gramsci’s concept of passive revolution, this article argues that devolution to Wales (and Scotland) was a central plank of New Labour’s transformation of both the Labour Party and the British state.
Building on a reading of the post-war British state as a historic bloc, I draw attention to the power relations inherent in Welsh devolution and the ‘top down’ nature of the process, which was led by the Labour party in order to preserve its hegemony in Wales and the United Kingdom as a whole.
After outlining the political struggles and strategies of transformismo which occurred within the process of passive revolution, where hegemony is temporarily ‘thinned’, I contend that contemporary Wales represents a period of interregnum, where the old world (the traditional centralised British state) has died, but a new Welsh state cannot be born.
As Gramsci predicted, this has led to the emergence of a host of ‘morbid symptoms’ in Wales.
I conclude by reflecting on the nature of the interregnum and whether ‘restoration’ or ‘revolution’ is likely to triumph in Wales.
Monday, 8 October 2018
Is computer gaming a craft? Prehension,* * Sennett, R. (2008). The craftsman. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. View all notes practice, and puzzle-solving in gaming labour
an article by Tom Brock and Emma Fraser (Manchester Metropolitan University, UK) published in Information, Communication & Society Volume 21 Issue 9 (2018)
Abstract
This article applies sociological theories of ‘craft’ to computer gaming practices to conceptualise the relationship between play, games, and labour.
Using the example of the game Dota 2, as both a competitive esport title and a complex game based around a shared practice, this article examines the conditions under which the play of a computer game can be considered a ‘craft’. In particular, through the concept of ‘prehension’, we dissect the gameplay activity of Dota 2, identifying similarities with how the hand practices craft labour.
We identify these practices as ‘contact’, ‘apprehension’, ‘language acquisition’ and ‘reflection’. We argue that players develop these practices of the hand to make sense of the game’s rules and controls. From this perspective, it is the hand that initiates experiences of craft within computer gameplay, and we offer examples of player creativity and experimentation to evidence its labour.
The article concludes with a discussion on the need for future research to examine the quality of gaming labour in the context of esports.
Abstract
This article applies sociological theories of ‘craft’ to computer gaming practices to conceptualise the relationship between play, games, and labour.
Using the example of the game Dota 2, as both a competitive esport title and a complex game based around a shared practice, this article examines the conditions under which the play of a computer game can be considered a ‘craft’. In particular, through the concept of ‘prehension’, we dissect the gameplay activity of Dota 2, identifying similarities with how the hand practices craft labour.
We identify these practices as ‘contact’, ‘apprehension’, ‘language acquisition’ and ‘reflection’. We argue that players develop these practices of the hand to make sense of the game’s rules and controls. From this perspective, it is the hand that initiates experiences of craft within computer gameplay, and we offer examples of player creativity and experimentation to evidence its labour.
The article concludes with a discussion on the need for future research to examine the quality of gaming labour in the context of esports.
Monday, 1 October 2018
Gaming–playing on social media: using the psychoanalytic concept of ‘playing’ to theorize user labour on Facebook
an article by Jacob Johanssen (University of Westminster, UK) published in Information, Communication & Society Volume 21 Issue 9 (2018)
Abstract
Political economists have argued that user activity on corporate social media is regarded as labour that appears playful and fun but is exploited and sold to advertisers for profit maximization.
This article begins with the working assumption that such user labour on social media constitutes a form of playing. It is theorized through a psychoanalytic perspective on the term as developed by D. W. Winnicott and André Green. The notion of gaming–playing is put forward to account for set interface structures on Facebook that resemble a game as well as free-flowing dimensions more akin to playing.
Some user discourses on Facebook are analysed through this prism.
A psychoanalytic conceptualization of user labour as playing allows one to analyse both positive discourses that emphasize Facebook as a space for creativity, exploration and the unknown, as well as negative discourses that critique the platform with regard to lacking privacy controls or data ownership.
Both discourses are conducted in a playful manner that creatively utilize a sense of user agency in relation to others and Facebook itself, but often remain without consequences.
Abstract
Political economists have argued that user activity on corporate social media is regarded as labour that appears playful and fun but is exploited and sold to advertisers for profit maximization.
This article begins with the working assumption that such user labour on social media constitutes a form of playing. It is theorized through a psychoanalytic perspective on the term as developed by D. W. Winnicott and André Green. The notion of gaming–playing is put forward to account for set interface structures on Facebook that resemble a game as well as free-flowing dimensions more akin to playing.
Some user discourses on Facebook are analysed through this prism.
A psychoanalytic conceptualization of user labour as playing allows one to analyse both positive discourses that emphasize Facebook as a space for creativity, exploration and the unknown, as well as negative discourses that critique the platform with regard to lacking privacy controls or data ownership.
Both discourses are conducted in a playful manner that creatively utilize a sense of user agency in relation to others and Facebook itself, but often remain without consequences.
Tuesday, 25 September 2018
Digital “women’s work?”: Job recruitment ads and the feminization of social media employment
an article by Brooke Erin Duffy (Cornell University, USA) and Becca Schwartz (University of Oxford, UK) published in New Media & Society Volume 20 Issue 8 (August 2018)
Abstract
In the wake of profound transformations in digital media markets and economies, the structures and conditions of cultural production are being radically reconfigured. This study explores the nascent field of social media work through an analysis of job recruitment ads—texts, we contend, that provide insight into a key discursive site of imagining the ideal digital laborer.
Drawing upon a qualitative textual analysis of 150 adverts, we show how employers construct workers through a patterned set of features, including sociability, deft emotional management, and flexibility. Such industrial imaginings incite workers to remain ever available, juggle various roles and responsibilities, and engage in persistent emotional labor—both online and off.
These expectations, we argue, allude to the increasingly feminized nature of social media employment, with its characteristic invisibility, lower pay, and marginal status within the technology field.
Abstract
In the wake of profound transformations in digital media markets and economies, the structures and conditions of cultural production are being radically reconfigured. This study explores the nascent field of social media work through an analysis of job recruitment ads—texts, we contend, that provide insight into a key discursive site of imagining the ideal digital laborer.
Drawing upon a qualitative textual analysis of 150 adverts, we show how employers construct workers through a patterned set of features, including sociability, deft emotional management, and flexibility. Such industrial imaginings incite workers to remain ever available, juggle various roles and responsibilities, and engage in persistent emotional labor—both online and off.
These expectations, we argue, allude to the increasingly feminized nature of social media employment, with its characteristic invisibility, lower pay, and marginal status within the technology field.
Friday, 11 May 2018
Gamification: What it is, and how to fight it
an article by Jamie Woodcock (London School of Economics and Political Science, UK) and Mark R. Johnson (Goldsmiths College, University of London, UK) published in The Sociological Review Volume 66 Issue 3 (May 2018)
Abstract
‘Gamification’ is understood as the application of game systems – competition, rewards, quantifying player/user behaviour – into non-game domains, such as work, productivity and fitness.
Such practices are deeply problematic as they represent the capture of ‘play’ in the pursuit of neoliberal rationalization and the managerial optimization of working life and labour.
However, applying games and play to social life is also central to the Situationist International, as a form of resistance against the regularity and standardization of everyday behaviour. In this article, the authors distinguish between two types of gamification: first, ‘gamification-from-above’, involving the optimization and rationalizing of work practices by management; and second, ‘gamification-from-below’, a form of active resistance against control at work.
Drawing on Autonomism and Situationism, the authors argue that it is possible to transform non-games into games as resistance, rather than transferring game elements out of playful contexts and into managerial ones. Since the original ‘gamification’ term is now lost, the authors develop the alternative conception as a practice that supports workers, rather than one used to adapt behaviour to capital.
The article concludes with a renewed call for this ‘gamification-from-below’, which is an ideal form of resistance against gamification-from-above and its capture of play in pursuit of work.
Full text (PDF 17pp)
Abstract
‘Gamification’ is understood as the application of game systems – competition, rewards, quantifying player/user behaviour – into non-game domains, such as work, productivity and fitness.
Such practices are deeply problematic as they represent the capture of ‘play’ in the pursuit of neoliberal rationalization and the managerial optimization of working life and labour.
However, applying games and play to social life is also central to the Situationist International, as a form of resistance against the regularity and standardization of everyday behaviour. In this article, the authors distinguish between two types of gamification: first, ‘gamification-from-above’, involving the optimization and rationalizing of work practices by management; and second, ‘gamification-from-below’, a form of active resistance against control at work.
Drawing on Autonomism and Situationism, the authors argue that it is possible to transform non-games into games as resistance, rather than transferring game elements out of playful contexts and into managerial ones. Since the original ‘gamification’ term is now lost, the authors develop the alternative conception as a practice that supports workers, rather than one used to adapt behaviour to capital.
The article concludes with a renewed call for this ‘gamification-from-below’, which is an ideal form of resistance against gamification-from-above and its capture of play in pursuit of work.
Full text (PDF 17pp)
Tuesday, 20 February 2018
A discipline at the crossroads? Using a gender-inspired paradigm to reposition the sociology of work and employment
an article by Kate Huppatz (University of Western Sydney, Australia) and Anne Ross-Smith (Macquarie University, Australia) published in Journal of Sociology Volume 53 Issue 4 (December 2017)
Abstract
The future of work and employment sociology has been a subject of concern for a number of authors in recent years. Halford and Strangleman, among others, have suggested that work and employment sociology is on the decline, in that it has been disconnected from wider sociology and co-opted by management and business schools.
In this article we unpack the debate and look at how it relates to gender and work scholarship. In doing so, we propose that the decline thesis might be overstated.
While gender and work sociology has been implicated in the demise of labour process theory, it has also embraced change and strengthened and diversified work and employment sociology.
Nevertheless, in this article, we treat the perceived threat as an opportunity to rethink work and employment sociology. We propose a four-themed, interdisciplinary, gender-inspired research paradigm.
Abstract
The future of work and employment sociology has been a subject of concern for a number of authors in recent years. Halford and Strangleman, among others, have suggested that work and employment sociology is on the decline, in that it has been disconnected from wider sociology and co-opted by management and business schools.
In this article we unpack the debate and look at how it relates to gender and work scholarship. In doing so, we propose that the decline thesis might be overstated.
While gender and work sociology has been implicated in the demise of labour process theory, it has also embraced change and strengthened and diversified work and employment sociology.
Nevertheless, in this article, we treat the perceived threat as an opportunity to rethink work and employment sociology. We propose a four-themed, interdisciplinary, gender-inspired research paradigm.
Sunday, 11 February 2018
On three canonical responses to labour saving technical change
a column by Ravi Kanbur for VOX: CEPR’s Policy Portal
Technological innovation is broadly accepted as a driving force behind diverging wage trends in the last three decades.
If this is set to continue, policymakers must choose how to respond to the ensuing income inequality.
This column assesses two established policy response ideas – state-sponsored formal education, and tax and transfer mechanisms – and postulates a third, namely, that the pace and distributional effects of technological change should themselves be policy goals.
A policy intervention that would make innovation more labour intensive would be the most powerful response of all.
Continue reading
Technological innovation is broadly accepted as a driving force behind diverging wage trends in the last three decades.
If this is set to continue, policymakers must choose how to respond to the ensuing income inequality.
This column assesses two established policy response ideas – state-sponsored formal education, and tax and transfer mechanisms – and postulates a third, namely, that the pace and distributional effects of technological change should themselves be policy goals.
A policy intervention that would make innovation more labour intensive would be the most powerful response of all.
Continue reading
Tuesday, 24 January 2017
Disclosure of sexual orientation in the USA and its consequences in the workplace
an article by Luigi Bonaventura and Alessio Emanuele Biondo (University of Catania, Italy)
published in International Journal of Social Economics Volume 43 Issue 11 (2016)
Abstract
Purpose
Discrimination and hostility in the workplace prevents homosexual workers from performing their core functions on the job. Moreover, it introduces unnecessary costs by increasing absenteeism, lowering productivity, and fostering a less motivated, less entrepreneurial, and less committed workforce.
By means of an agent-based model, the authors simulated the effects on unemployment rates of an increasing of sexual orientation (SO) disclosure in the workplaces. The authors tested the effects on workers’ utility, level of job satisfaction and segregation.
The results show a complessive improvement of the firms’ performances and a better job satisfaction for undeclared and homosexual workers and employers.
With a homosexual employer, the authors can observe an increasing homosexual utility and firm profit, with a low decrease in undeclared utility. Instead, with an undeclared employer, the firm’s profit decreases but the total effect is positive.
The paper aims to discuss these issues.
Design/methodology/approach
An agent-based model applied.
Findings
Effects of sexual disclosure on unemployment rates, job satisfaction, and job segregation.
Originality/value
The economic literature on SO and job satisfaction is very meager.
JEL Classification: J16, J71, M54
Abstract
Purpose
Discrimination and hostility in the workplace prevents homosexual workers from performing their core functions on the job. Moreover, it introduces unnecessary costs by increasing absenteeism, lowering productivity, and fostering a less motivated, less entrepreneurial, and less committed workforce.
By means of an agent-based model, the authors simulated the effects on unemployment rates of an increasing of sexual orientation (SO) disclosure in the workplaces. The authors tested the effects on workers’ utility, level of job satisfaction and segregation.
The results show a complessive improvement of the firms’ performances and a better job satisfaction for undeclared and homosexual workers and employers.
With a homosexual employer, the authors can observe an increasing homosexual utility and firm profit, with a low decrease in undeclared utility. Instead, with an undeclared employer, the firm’s profit decreases but the total effect is positive.
The paper aims to discuss these issues.
Design/methodology/approach
An agent-based model applied.
Findings
Effects of sexual disclosure on unemployment rates, job satisfaction, and job segregation.
Originality/value
The economic literature on SO and job satisfaction is very meager.
JEL Classification: J16, J71, M54
Wednesday, 24 July 2013
Understanding Employment Barriers for Lone Parents in Great Britain: Research Gaps and Missed Opportunities
an article by Tina Haux (University of Lincoln, UK) published in Social Policy & Administration Volume 47 Issue 4 (August 2013)
Abstract
A key feature of the previous Labour government in Britain was the large increase in government-sponsored research as part of its wider commitment to evidence-based policy-making.
This article focuses on one area of government-sponsored research as a case study to examine the relationship between research evidence, policy ideas and programme evaluation. The case study chosen for this article is research on lone parents not in work commissioned by the Department for Work and Pensions between 1997 and 2010.
Following a brief review of the research, the main shortcomings in our understanding of the employment barriers for lone parents as well as the reasons for these shortcomings are identified and discussed. The reasons explaining the lack of progress are related to both the content of the research as well as the institutional set-up of research commissioning in government.
The article concludes by drawing lessons from this case study to improve the quality and potential usefulness of research for policy-making in the short and medium term.
Abstract
A key feature of the previous Labour government in Britain was the large increase in government-sponsored research as part of its wider commitment to evidence-based policy-making.
This article focuses on one area of government-sponsored research as a case study to examine the relationship between research evidence, policy ideas and programme evaluation. The case study chosen for this article is research on lone parents not in work commissioned by the Department for Work and Pensions between 1997 and 2010.
Following a brief review of the research, the main shortcomings in our understanding of the employment barriers for lone parents as well as the reasons for these shortcomings are identified and discussed. The reasons explaining the lack of progress are related to both the content of the research as well as the institutional set-up of research commissioning in government.
The article concludes by drawing lessons from this case study to improve the quality and potential usefulness of research for policy-making in the short and medium term.
Wednesday, 22 August 2012
Transitions To and From Self- Employment Among Older People With Disabilities in Europe
an article by Ricardo Pagán-Rodríguez (University of Malaga, Spain) published in Journal of Disability Policy Studies Volume 23 Number 2 (September 2012)
Abstract
This paper analyses the labour-market transitions among older people with disabilities in Europe as compared to their non-disabled counterparts.
Particular attention is paid to the workers’ transitions to and from self-employment.
Using data from the two first waves (2004 and 2007) of a panel data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), we estimate employment transition matrices for disabled and non-disabled individuals aged 50 years or over, taking into account the possible transitions in disability status that individuals may experience throughout our panel data.
The results show that older people with disabilities (especially females) who are self-employed in 2004 are less likely to remain in the same labour status three years later.
In contrast, transitions from self-employment to “out of labour force” were relatively higher for disabled individuals as compared to non-disabled ones.
In addition, the results vary when we take into consideration the disability trajectories.
Areas of future research and policy recommendations are given.
Abstract
This paper analyses the labour-market transitions among older people with disabilities in Europe as compared to their non-disabled counterparts.
Particular attention is paid to the workers’ transitions to and from self-employment.
Using data from the two first waves (2004 and 2007) of a panel data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), we estimate employment transition matrices for disabled and non-disabled individuals aged 50 years or over, taking into account the possible transitions in disability status that individuals may experience throughout our panel data.
The results show that older people with disabilities (especially females) who are self-employed in 2004 are less likely to remain in the same labour status three years later.
In contrast, transitions from self-employment to “out of labour force” were relatively higher for disabled individuals as compared to non-disabled ones.
In addition, the results vary when we take into consideration the disability trajectories.
Areas of future research and policy recommendations are given.
Wednesday, 28 September 2011
Poverty: social control over our labor force
an article by Anton Yanagisawa, (Pepperdine University, Malibu, California) published in International Journal of Social Economics Volume 38 Issue 4
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to raise concern and discussion about poverty. This paper explores the difficulties of defining poverty and its origins.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper utilizes research from psychological and sociological literature to analyse differing schools of thought regarding poverty. A macro-level perspective of poverty is defined and compared to a micro-level perspective of poverty. The lack of conformity concerning these opposing schools of thought often impedes the development of solutions for poverty.
Findings
What society believes to be true about poverty will influence how society treats poverty. Some solutions to poverty may only perpetuate the problems of the impoverished depending on how poverty is operationally defined and its origins understood. Literary research is used to support a hypothesis that poverty exists in function to society to insure a readily available, low wage, labour force.
Social implications
The provided information regarding the impact of poverty on society and the individual could aid in the development of government and corporate solutions. Solutions for poverty could be enhanced and employed more accurately by examining the viewpoint of this author.
Originality/value
This paper is of importance for mental health practitioners, corporations, and government branches interested in treating the social effects of poverty.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to raise concern and discussion about poverty. This paper explores the difficulties of defining poverty and its origins.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper utilizes research from psychological and sociological literature to analyse differing schools of thought regarding poverty. A macro-level perspective of poverty is defined and compared to a micro-level perspective of poverty. The lack of conformity concerning these opposing schools of thought often impedes the development of solutions for poverty.
Findings
What society believes to be true about poverty will influence how society treats poverty. Some solutions to poverty may only perpetuate the problems of the impoverished depending on how poverty is operationally defined and its origins understood. Literary research is used to support a hypothesis that poverty exists in function to society to insure a readily available, low wage, labour force.
Social implications
The provided information regarding the impact of poverty on society and the individual could aid in the development of government and corporate solutions. Solutions for poverty could be enhanced and employed more accurately by examining the viewpoint of this author.
Originality/value
This paper is of importance for mental health practitioners, corporations, and government branches interested in treating the social effects of poverty.
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