Bullying Enters the 21st Century? Turning a Critical Eye to Cyber-bullying Research

an article by Carla Cesaroni, Steven Downing and Shahid Alvi (University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Canada) published in Youth Justice Volume 12 Number 3 (December 2012)

Abstract

Current concerns around cyber-bullying emphasize child-victims and have prompted calls for understanding and reaction to an alleged new type of child-offender.

Though there is little doubt that cyber-bullying is a phenomenon with potential for real harm, there remain a number of critical gaps in the cyber-bullying literature.

This article has two primary goals:

• to confront some methodological issues surrounding the study of cyber-bullying; and
• to draw attention to the potential of established criminological theories of delinquency for explaining cyber-bullying.

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Gang youth, substance use patterns, and drug normalization

an article by Bill Sanders (California State University Los Angeles, USA) published in Journal of Youth Studies Volume 15 Issue 8 (December 2012)

Abstract

Gang membership is an indicator of chronic illicit substance use and such patterns of use may have a normalised character.

Using epidemiological and qualitative data collected between 2006 and 2007, this manuscript examines the drug normalisation thesis among a small sample (n=60) of gang youth aged 16–25 years from Los Angeles.

Overall, while evidence does suggest that illicit drug use was pervasive among the sample, data do not support the idea that all drugs were normalised.

However, findings do indicate that marijuana use was normalised. This was due to the sample’s high frequency of marijuana use, wide access to marijuana, intent to use marijuana, positive attitudes about marijuana use, critical attitudes of the use of certain ‘hard’ illicit drugs, and cultural references supportive of marijuana use.

Illicit substance use among gang youth could seemingly be divided into two categories: marijuana and everything else. In this respect, the values of gang members in relation to illicit substance use appear very similar to those of youth from the general population who also use illicit substances. This question the applicability of theories couched in pathology to understand the differential patterns of substance use among serious young offenders.

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