Showing posts with label oil. Show all posts
Showing posts with label oil. Show all posts

Friday, 13 December 2019

Gardens and cultural memory

a post by Gordon Campbell for the OUP blog


A cottage garden, West Falkland. Photo by Mary Campbell. Used with permission. 

Most gardens are in predictable places and are organised in predictable ways. On entering an English suburban garden, for example, one expects to see a lawn bordered by hedges and flowerbeds, a hard surface with a table for eating al fresco on England’s two days of summer, and a water feature quietly burbling in a corner.

In warmer places, such gardens are not necessarily expected yet are still there.

Some years ago I happened to be passing through the Iranian city of Abadan, at the southern end of the Iran-Iraq border. It is one of the hottest populated places on the planet, and in 1964 a heat burst raised the temperature to a record-breaking 87°C (189°F).

During the Iran-Iraq war the city was shelled, bombed, and burnt. Gardening was not a high priority. When I travelled through the town on a warm winter’s day, my bus was diverted because of construction, and I found myself in a residential area inhabited decades ago by British employees of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. The houses are now occupied by Iranians, some of whom have maintained English gardens. I saw one man clipping his hedge, and another pruning roses.

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I would love to know whether one of the existing English gardens was attached to the house my father lived in when he was employed by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in Abadan.

The Wikipedia article about the A-POC does not paint a pretty picture of British and American behaviour but as a naive 11-year-old I knew nothing of this.


Wednesday, 5 December 2018

A two-step theory and test of the oil curse: the conditional effect of oil on democratization

an article by Christian Houle (Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA) published in Democratization Volume 25 Issue 3 (2018)

Abstract

Does oil impede democratization?

This article posits that in order to understand the effect of oil on democratization one has to decompose the transition process into two steps:

  1. the ending of the authoritarian regime, which initiates the process; and
  2. the subsequent establishment of a democracy rather than an autocracy.

I argue that oil has different effects on the two phases of the transition process: while oil has contradictory effects on the likelihood that an authoritarian regime fails, it diminishes the likelihood of the establishment of democracy following the failure. Oil’s negative effect is conditional on the breakdown of the authoritarian regime, which itself is unaffected by oil. That is, although oil does not initiate the transition process, it does influence its outcome.

Using data on 118 autocracies, I find evidence consistent with this hypothesis.




Friday, 31 August 2018

Inequality in the Middle East

a column by Facundo Alvaredo, Lydia Assouad and Thomas Piketty for VOX: CEPR’s Policy Portal

Survey estimates suggest that inequality in the Middle East is not particularly high despite considerable political conflict.

This column uses new ‘distributional national accounts’ data to show that the Middle East is in fact the most unequal region in the world, with both enormous inequality between countries and large inequality within countries. The results emphasise the need to develop mechanisms of regional redistribution and to increase transparency on income and wealth data.

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