a column by Bastien Chabé-Ferret and Paula Gobbi for VOX: CEPR’s Policy Portal
Between the early 1940s and the late 1960s, the secular decline in fertility that started at the turn of the 19th century in most developed countries was interrupted by a massive baby-boom.
This column argues that although much attention has focused on this boom, fertility rates preceding it were abnormally low. The evidence suggests that economic uncertainty can explain a substantial part of the major swings in fertility over the 20th century.
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Showing posts with label labour_force_participation. Show all posts
Showing posts with label labour_force_participation. Show all posts
Friday, 1 February 2019
Thursday, 4 October 2018
Women's anticipation of the employment effects of motherhood: Evidence and implications
a column by Ilyana Kuziemko, Jessica Pan, Jenny Shen and Ebonya Washington for VIX: CEPR’s Policy Portal
Despite women having surpassed men in earning college degrees, having children later than ever, and accumulating increasing amounts of on-the-job experience, convergence in labour force participation between men and women has stalled.
This column argues that one reason for this is women failing to anticipate the effect that children will have on their careers. The findings also suggest that the employment costs of motherhood have risen unexpectedly, and especially so for educated mothers.
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Despite women having surpassed men in earning college degrees, having children later than ever, and accumulating increasing amounts of on-the-job experience, convergence in labour force participation between men and women has stalled.
This column argues that one reason for this is women failing to anticipate the effect that children will have on their careers. The findings also suggest that the employment costs of motherhood have risen unexpectedly, and especially so for educated mothers.
Continue reading
Tuesday, 20 February 2018
Labour force participation growth in Europe will rely more on targeted policies than a socio-educational push
a column by Cristina Fernández and David Martínez Turégano for VOX: CEPR’s Policy Portal
European labour force participation has increased over recent decades, fuelled in large part by increased female labour participation, improvements in education levels, and socioeconomic factors. This column explores whether this trend will continue, or whether we will see a decline similar to that in the US. Results indicate that while Europe’s labour participation is not on the verge of a reversal, targeted policies will need to take over from socio-educational developments in driving further growth.
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European labour force participation has increased over recent decades, fuelled in large part by increased female labour participation, improvements in education levels, and socioeconomic factors. This column explores whether this trend will continue, or whether we will see a decline similar to that in the US. Results indicate that while Europe’s labour participation is not on the verge of a reversal, targeted policies will need to take over from socio-educational developments in driving further growth.
Continue reading
Sunday, 24 December 2017
The role of workplace accommodations in the employment of people with disabilities
an article by Priyanka Anand (George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA) and Purvi Sevak (Mathematica Policy Research, Princeton, USA) published in IZA Journal of Labor Policy Volume 6 Article 12 (2017)
Abstract
We explore the role of workplace accommodations in reducing employment barriers and improving the employment of people with disabilities. We do so using data from the 2015 Survey of Disability and Employment on people with disabilities who applied for vocational rehabilitation services in three states.
The results show that at least one third of nonworking people with disabilities reported employment barriers that could be addressed by workplace accommodations, such as lack of transportation and an inaccessible workplace. We also find that receiving certain types of workplace accommodations, such as help with transportation, flexible work schedules, or a personal care attendant, is positively correlated with being employed at the time of the survey.
Finally, people who are in poor health or have physical disabilities were more likely to perceive workplace inaccessibility as a barrier but less likely to have received accommodations in their current or most recent job. This suggests that people with these characteristics may be good candidates to target for greater access to workplace accommodations.
JEL Classification: I1, J2, J32
Full text (PDF 20pp)
Whilst I note that this article is based on data collected in the USA the conclusions will apply in most labour markets. H.
Abstract
We explore the role of workplace accommodations in reducing employment barriers and improving the employment of people with disabilities. We do so using data from the 2015 Survey of Disability and Employment on people with disabilities who applied for vocational rehabilitation services in three states.
The results show that at least one third of nonworking people with disabilities reported employment barriers that could be addressed by workplace accommodations, such as lack of transportation and an inaccessible workplace. We also find that receiving certain types of workplace accommodations, such as help with transportation, flexible work schedules, or a personal care attendant, is positively correlated with being employed at the time of the survey.
Finally, people who are in poor health or have physical disabilities were more likely to perceive workplace inaccessibility as a barrier but less likely to have received accommodations in their current or most recent job. This suggests that people with these characteristics may be good candidates to target for greater access to workplace accommodations.
JEL Classification: I1, J2, J32
Full text (PDF 20pp)
Whilst I note that this article is based on data collected in the USA the conclusions will apply in most labour markets. H.
Friday, 17 March 2017
Labor Force Participation of Women in the EU – What Role do Family Policies Play?
an article by Agnieszka Gehringer (University of Göttingen, Germany & Flossbach von Storch Research Institute, Cologne, Germany) and Stephan Klasen (University of Göttingen, Germany) published in LABOUR Volume 31 Issue 1 (March 2017)
Abstract
We empirically study the role of different family policies in affecting women’s labor market behavior in the European Union. Women tend to assume more family duties than men and, consequently, often participate less in the labor market.
Family policies aim to support families in general while a particular focus is on helping women to reconcile family duties with labor market participation. Their impact, however, is not clear, especially when it comes to different forms of labor market activity.
We use a static and dynamic panel econometric framework examining the link between financial support for four types of family policies and labor force participation as well as (part-time and full-time) employment. The results suggest no stable significant impact of expenditures on family policies on overall labor force participation.
However, higher spending on family allowance, cash benefits, and daycare benefits appears to promote part-time employment, whereas only spending on parental leave schemes is a significant positive determinant of women's full-time employment.
Full text (PDF)
Abstract
We empirically study the role of different family policies in affecting women’s labor market behavior in the European Union. Women tend to assume more family duties than men and, consequently, often participate less in the labor market.
Family policies aim to support families in general while a particular focus is on helping women to reconcile family duties with labor market participation. Their impact, however, is not clear, especially when it comes to different forms of labor market activity.
We use a static and dynamic panel econometric framework examining the link between financial support for four types of family policies and labor force participation as well as (part-time and full-time) employment. The results suggest no stable significant impact of expenditures on family policies on overall labor force participation.
However, higher spending on family allowance, cash benefits, and daycare benefits appears to promote part-time employment, whereas only spending on parental leave schemes is a significant positive determinant of women's full-time employment.
Full text (PDF)
Thursday, 10 May 2012
Analyzing female labor supply — Evidence from a Dutch tax reform
an article by Nicole Bosch (CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis, The Hague) and Bas van der Klaauwb (VU University Amsterdam, Tinbergen Institute and CEPR, Department of Economics, VU University Amsterdam) published in Labour Economics Volume 19 Issue 3 (June 2012)
Abstract
Among OECD countries, the Netherlands has an average female labour force participation, but by far the highest rate of part-time work. This paper investigates the extent to which married women respond to financial incentives.
We exploit exogenous variation caused by a substantial Dutch tax reform in 2001.
Our main conclusion is that the positive significant effect of the tax reform on labour force participation dominates the negative insignificant effect on working hours. The latter contradicts the common empirical finding of positive wage elasticities.
Our preferred explanation is that women respond more to changes in tax allowances than to changes in marginal tax rates.
JEL classification
H24; J22; J38
Abstract
Among OECD countries, the Netherlands has an average female labour force participation, but by far the highest rate of part-time work. This paper investigates the extent to which married women respond to financial incentives.
We exploit exogenous variation caused by a substantial Dutch tax reform in 2001.
Our main conclusion is that the positive significant effect of the tax reform on labour force participation dominates the negative insignificant effect on working hours. The latter contradicts the common empirical finding of positive wage elasticities.
Our preferred explanation is that women respond more to changes in tax allowances than to changes in marginal tax rates.
JEL classification
H24; J22; J38
Wednesday, 6 July 2011
Older male labour force participation in OECD countries: …
Pension reform and “the reserve army of labour”
an article by Martin O'Brien published in International Labour Review (Volume 149 Issue 3 (September 2010))
Abstract
Many governments have treated older workers as a “reserve army of labour”, allowing early exit from the labour force by various means, so the OECD recommends that the fiscal strain associated with population ageing be addressed through pension reform to increase older workers’ labour force participation. Modelling the labour force participation of males aged 55-59 and 60-64 in 12 OECD countries over the period 1967-2007, the author finds that labour market variables dominate pension reform variables – and country-specific causal factors also – in explaining older males’ participation rates. Without consideration of labour market conditions, the OECD’s standard prescription of pension reform would thus seem doomed to fail.
an article by Martin O'Brien published in International Labour Review (Volume 149 Issue 3 (September 2010))
Abstract
Many governments have treated older workers as a “reserve army of labour”, allowing early exit from the labour force by various means, so the OECD recommends that the fiscal strain associated with population ageing be addressed through pension reform to increase older workers’ labour force participation. Modelling the labour force participation of males aged 55-59 and 60-64 in 12 OECD countries over the period 1967-2007, the author finds that labour market variables dominate pension reform variables – and country-specific causal factors also – in explaining older males’ participation rates. Without consideration of labour market conditions, the OECD’s standard prescription of pension reform would thus seem doomed to fail.
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