an article by Carolina V. Zuccotti (European University Institute, Florence, Italy) published in Population, Space and Place Volume 25 Issue 7 (October 2019)
Abstract
Ethnic minorities' spatial concentration and their predominance in deprived areas are two well‐known patterns that characterise Britain's social landscape. However, little is known about ethnic minorities' opportunities for spatial integration, especially those of the second generations.
Using a large‐scale longitudinal data set of England and Wales covering a 40‐year period (1971–2011), in combination with aggregated census data, the article examines ethnic inequalities in access to neighbourhoods with varying levels of ethnic concentration and deprivation.
On equality of individual, social origin, and childhood neighbourhood characteristics, second generation ethnic minorities are less likely than White British individuals to reside in “whiter” and less deprived neighbourhoods. For most minorities, these differences reduce among those with higher education and a higher social class, in line with weak place stratification/ethnic enclave.
Growing up in areas with high ethnic concentration and high deprivation has a particularly strong “retention effect” among second generation Asians.
The study shows that ethnic spatial segregation is, in part, the product of time‐persisting ethnic inequalities in the access to neighbourhoods and that these inequalities are conditioned both by childhood and by adult resources.
Showing posts with label England_and_Wales. Show all posts
Showing posts with label England_and_Wales. Show all posts
Tuesday, 29 October 2019
Saturday, 28 April 2018
Residential segregation and the fertility of immigrants and their descendants
an article by Ben Wilson (Stockholm University, Sweden; London School of Economics, UK) and Jouni Kuha (London School of Economics, UK) published in Population, Space and Place Volume 24 Issue 3 (April 2018)
Abstract
Measures of community population composition, such as residential segregation, are important theoretical mechanisms that have the potential to explain differences in fertility between immigrants, their descendants, and destination natives.
However, only a handful of studies explore these mechanisms, and most are limited by the fact that they carry out cross‐sectional analysis. This study proposes a new approach, which focuses on community composition in childhood.
It uses longitudinal census data and registered births in England and Wales to investigate the relationship between completed fertility and multiple measures of community composition, including residential segregation. The results show that the fertility of immigrants is closer to native fertility if they grow up in less segregated areas. This provides evidence in support of the childhood socialisation hypothesis.
Furthermore, residential segregation explains some of the variation in completed fertility for second‐generation women from Pakistan and Bangladesh, the only second‐generation group to have significantly higher completed fertility than natives. This suggests one reason why the fertility of some South Asians in England and Wales may remain “culturally entrenched.”
All of these findings are consistent for different measures of community composition. They are also easier to interpret than the results of previous research because exposure is measured before childbearing has commenced, therefore avoiding many issues relating to selection, simultaneity, and conditioning on the future.
Full text (PDF 15pp)
Abstract
Measures of community population composition, such as residential segregation, are important theoretical mechanisms that have the potential to explain differences in fertility between immigrants, their descendants, and destination natives.
However, only a handful of studies explore these mechanisms, and most are limited by the fact that they carry out cross‐sectional analysis. This study proposes a new approach, which focuses on community composition in childhood.
It uses longitudinal census data and registered births in England and Wales to investigate the relationship between completed fertility and multiple measures of community composition, including residential segregation. The results show that the fertility of immigrants is closer to native fertility if they grow up in less segregated areas. This provides evidence in support of the childhood socialisation hypothesis.
Furthermore, residential segregation explains some of the variation in completed fertility for second‐generation women from Pakistan and Bangladesh, the only second‐generation group to have significantly higher completed fertility than natives. This suggests one reason why the fertility of some South Asians in England and Wales may remain “culturally entrenched.”
All of these findings are consistent for different measures of community composition. They are also easier to interpret than the results of previous research because exposure is measured before childbearing has commenced, therefore avoiding many issues relating to selection, simultaneity, and conditioning on the future.
Full text (PDF 15pp)
Friday, 3 March 2017
Charitable organisations, the Great Recession and the Age of Austerity: Longitudinal Evidence for England and Wales
an article by David Clifford (University of Southampton, UK) published in Journal of Social Policy
Volume 46 Issue 1 (January 2017)
Abstract
There has been extensive concern about the effect of recession and of subsequent public spending austerity on the voluntary sector – but a lack of comprehensive sector-wide data to examine this empirically. We construct a unique longitudinal dataset, which follows through time the population of charitable organisations in England and Wales since 1999, and assess the impact of recession and austerity by placing organisations’ recent annual income within the context of longer-term trends.
The results reveal the scale of the impact on charities’ incomes for the first time: since 2008 median real annual growth in income has been negative for six consecutive years, leading to sizeable cumulative real income decline over the period. Mid-sized charities, and those in more deprived local areas, have been most significantly affected, consistent with concerns about a ‘hollowing out’ of the charitable sector and about the uneven impact of austerity.
However, there has also been considerable variation in the fortunes of charities working in different fields of activity. The analysis in this paper helps to widen our perspective on the implications of the Great Recession and of public spending austerity for social policy.
Full text (PDF)
Abstract
There has been extensive concern about the effect of recession and of subsequent public spending austerity on the voluntary sector – but a lack of comprehensive sector-wide data to examine this empirically. We construct a unique longitudinal dataset, which follows through time the population of charitable organisations in England and Wales since 1999, and assess the impact of recession and austerity by placing organisations’ recent annual income within the context of longer-term trends.
The results reveal the scale of the impact on charities’ incomes for the first time: since 2008 median real annual growth in income has been negative for six consecutive years, leading to sizeable cumulative real income decline over the period. Mid-sized charities, and those in more deprived local areas, have been most significantly affected, consistent with concerns about a ‘hollowing out’ of the charitable sector and about the uneven impact of austerity.
However, there has also been considerable variation in the fortunes of charities working in different fields of activity. The analysis in this paper helps to widen our perspective on the implications of the Great Recession and of public spending austerity for social policy.
Full text (PDF)
Friday, 27 January 2017
The Changing Geographies of Ethnic Diversity in England and Wales, 1991–2011
an article by Gemma Catney (School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK) published in
Population, Space and Place
Volume 22 Issue 8 (November 2016)
Abstract
While ethnic diversity is traditionally an urban characteristic, new spaces of diversity are emerging. This challenges our current understandings of the geographies of ethnic diversity and forces us to consider the more intricate spatial patterns and processes of ethnic group population change.
Ethnic diversity, now a key feature of contemporary society in Britain, is an issue of public, policy, political, and academic interest; the 2011 Census provided an opportunity to update our knowledge of how diversity has grown, and in what ways.
This paper explores the new geographies of ethnic diversity in England and Wales, mapping the evolving landscape of diversity over two decades. The paper makes use of measures of diversity and clustering for small areas (wards) for consistent geographies for 1991–2011, and for the most recent decade using a district level urban–rural area classification.
There is evidence of a spreading out of ethnic diversity from urban centres towards areas traditionally less diverse.
Spatial mixing has increased – the period also saw a growth of minority ethnic groups in areas outside own-group clusters. The increased share of all ethnic groups (White British and minority) in less urban areas challenges claims of ‘White flight’ from diversity.
Increased ethnic diversity is clearly an important feature of contemporary population change, and the coming years are likely to see continued mixing between people and within places – and in new locales.
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abstract
While ethnic diversity is traditionally an urban characteristic, new spaces of diversity are emerging. This challenges our current understandings of the geographies of ethnic diversity and forces us to consider the more intricate spatial patterns and processes of ethnic group population change.
Ethnic diversity, now a key feature of contemporary society in Britain, is an issue of public, policy, political, and academic interest; the 2011 Census provided an opportunity to update our knowledge of how diversity has grown, and in what ways.
This paper explores the new geographies of ethnic diversity in England and Wales, mapping the evolving landscape of diversity over two decades. The paper makes use of measures of diversity and clustering for small areas (wards) for consistent geographies for 1991–2011, and for the most recent decade using a district level urban–rural area classification.
There is evidence of a spreading out of ethnic diversity from urban centres towards areas traditionally less diverse.
Spatial mixing has increased – the period also saw a growth of minority ethnic groups in areas outside own-group clusters. The increased share of all ethnic groups (White British and minority) in less urban areas challenges claims of ‘White flight’ from diversity.
Increased ethnic diversity is clearly an important feature of contemporary population change, and the coming years are likely to see continued mixing between people and within places – and in new locales.
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tuesday, 6 August 2013
Middle-Class Offenders as Employees—Assessing the Risk: A 35-Year Follow-Up
an article by Keith Soothill, Les Humphreys and Brian Francis (Lancaster University, UK) published in Journal of Offender Rehabilitation Volume 52 Issue 6 (August-September 2013)
Abstract
A 35-year follow-up of a series of 317 middle-class offenders in England and Wales suggests that the dangers of employing offenders may be more limited than expected.
Although 40% were subsequently convicted, only 8% were subsequently convicted of offenses that directly and adversely affected an employer.
This work should challenge the “exaggerated fears” of employers. Interestingly, variables which normally predict subsequent criminal activity made no impact in trying to predict offences against an employer.
Abstract
A 35-year follow-up of a series of 317 middle-class offenders in England and Wales suggests that the dangers of employing offenders may be more limited than expected.
Although 40% were subsequently convicted, only 8% were subsequently convicted of offenses that directly and adversely affected an employer.
This work should challenge the “exaggerated fears” of employers. Interestingly, variables which normally predict subsequent criminal activity made no impact in trying to predict offences against an employer.
Tuesday, 28 May 2013
New directions in economic development: Localist policy discourses and the Localism Act
an article by Gill Bentley (University of Birmingham, UK) and Lee Pugalis (Northumbria University, UK) published in Local Economy Volume 28 Number 3 (May 2013)
Abstract
Since entering office in 2010, a distinct grammar of localism has pervaded the UK Coalition Government’s philosophical outlook inflecting localist policy discourses and practice.
This article, written in June 2012, considers the implications of this new grammar for the scope, organisation and mobilisation of economic development interventions, through a focus on the 2011 Localism Act, which applies to England and Wales.
Interpreting these changes through a localist conceptual prism, which helps to refract varieties of localism, it raises some serious concerns regarding localism in action through exposing the controlling tendencies of central government. Analysis is also directed towards the uneasy relationship between centralised powers, conditional decentralisation and fragmented localism.
Nevertheless, emergent practice serves to demonstrate how ‘constrained freedoms’ can be negotiated to undertake innovative actions.
It concludes by suggesting some foundational elements that would support the notion of ‘empowered localities’ that may secure the government’s imperative to enable private sector-led growth.
Abstract
Since entering office in 2010, a distinct grammar of localism has pervaded the UK Coalition Government’s philosophical outlook inflecting localist policy discourses and practice.
This article, written in June 2012, considers the implications of this new grammar for the scope, organisation and mobilisation of economic development interventions, through a focus on the 2011 Localism Act, which applies to England and Wales.
Interpreting these changes through a localist conceptual prism, which helps to refract varieties of localism, it raises some serious concerns regarding localism in action through exposing the controlling tendencies of central government. Analysis is also directed towards the uneasy relationship between centralised powers, conditional decentralisation and fragmented localism.
Nevertheless, emergent practice serves to demonstrate how ‘constrained freedoms’ can be negotiated to undertake innovative actions.
It concludes by suggesting some foundational elements that would support the notion of ‘empowered localities’ that may secure the government’s imperative to enable private sector-led growth.
Friday, 19 April 2013
Super Output Area Population Estimates - Mid-2011 (Census Based)
via ONS Media Centre
This bulletin presents the 2011 mid-year population estimates for lower layer and middle layer Super Output Areas (LSOA and MSOA respectively), which are small areas within England and Wales. It also describes recent changes, the impact of these changes on local areas within England and Wales and population age distributions within these areas.
Key points
This bulletin presents the 2011 mid-year population estimates for lower layer and middle layer Super Output Areas (LSOA and MSOA respectively), which are small areas within England and Wales. It also describes recent changes, the impact of these changes on local areas within England and Wales and population age distributions within these areas.
Key points
- In mid-2011 there were 34,753 lower layer Super Output Areas (LSOAs) in England and Wales with a mean population of 1,620 and 7,102 middle layer Super Output Areas (MSOAs) with a mean population of 7,800.
- The LSOAs with the highest population densities are all in Inner London, with the most densely populated area being Kensington and Chelsea 021C.
- The least densely populated LSOA in England and Wales is Northumberland 019C in Northumberland National Park.
- Mid-2011 Super Output Area (SOA) population estimates are based on the results of the 2011 Census. Previous estimates based on the 2001 Census and updated annually over the ten year period were within 5% of the 2011 Census based estimate in approximately 65% of LSOAs.
- SOA population estimates are particularly important for use in many areas of research as they provide key demographic information on small geographic areas that were designed specifically for the purpose of enabling statistical analysis.
Thursday, 7 February 2013
Car, bike, train, or walk: how people get to work mapped
via Guardian Datablog
The 2011 census reveals the main way people commute to work in 34,753 “output areas” across England and Wales, each of 1,500 people.
Find out what happens where you live – which are the top areas for cycling, driving and walking? And why the local concentrations of each?
Continue reading [the maps are, to use a more than somewhat overused word, awesome!]
The 2011 census reveals the main way people commute to work in 34,753 “output areas” across England and Wales, each of 1,500 people.
Find out what happens where you live – which are the top areas for cycling, driving and walking? And why the local concentrations of each?
Continue reading [the maps are, to use a more than somewhat overused word, awesome!]
Wednesday, 6 February 2013
Deprivation - an urban issue?
via Centre for Cities by Rachel Smith
There are almost 122,200 very deprived households in England and Wales.
Yesterday [30 January 2013], another slew of Census data was released. This included statistics on deprived households measured across four different factors: levels employment, education, and health and disability as well as quality of housing.
To some extent the data tells us what we already knew; a disproportionate number of England and Wales’ very deprived households – those counted as deprived on all four of the factors listed above – can be found in cities.
Continue reading
There are almost 122,200 very deprived households in England and Wales.
Yesterday [30 January 2013], another slew of Census data was released. This included statistics on deprived households measured across four different factors: levels employment, education, and health and disability as well as quality of housing.
To some extent the data tells us what we already knew; a disproportionate number of England and Wales’ very deprived households – those counted as deprived on all four of the factors listed above – can be found in cities.
Continue reading
Tuesday, 25 September 2012
Annual Mid-year Population Estimates for England and Wales, Mid 2011
Statistical Bulletin via ONS Media Centre RSS
Key Points
Get all the tables for this publication in the data section of this publication
Hazel’s comment:
There’s a very interesting chart of males and females by age which has an indent for age 69 (that’s where I am) which is not entirely explained by 1943 being in the middle of WWII.
Key Points
- The population of England and Wales was estimated to be 56,170,900 in mid-2011, with the population of England estimated to be 53,107,200 and the population of Wales estimated to be 3,063,800
- The population of England and Wales increased by 95,000 (0.2 per cent) between 2011 Census day (27 March) and the mid-year point (30 June)
- In England and Wales there were 187,600 births and 121,000 deaths in the three months between 2011 Census day and the mid-year point
- The estimated flow of international migrants into England and Wales between 2011 Census day and the mid-year point was 98,200 and the estimated flow out of England and Wales was 68,500
- Compared to the 26 member states of the European Union (excluding the UK), the population of England and Wales ranks fourth, behind Germany, France and Italy
Get all the tables for this publication in the data section of this publication
Hazel’s comment:
There’s a very interesting chart of males and females by age which has an indent for age 69 (that’s where I am) which is not entirely explained by 1943 being in the middle of WWII.
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