an article by Kathrin Leuze (Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany) and Susanne Strauà (University of Konstanz, Germany) published in Work, employment and society Volume 30 Number 5 (October 2016)
Abstract
Even though women today constitute the majority of higher education graduates, they still earn considerably less than their male counterparts. Previous research demonstrates that occupational sex segregation is important for understanding the gender wage gap, since occupations dominated by women pay less; yet less is known about why this is the case.
This article explores two possible mechanisms: the devaluation of ‘female-typical’ work tasks and working-time arrangements.
Hypotheses are tested by applying OLS regression and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analyses to the log hourly wages of a representative sample of German higher education graduates from 2001.
Results confirm that occupational overtime increases and occupational part-time work decreases wages, indicating that occupations dominated by women pay less due to their ‘female-typical’ working-time arrangements.
However, inconsistent with the devaluation thesis, tasks like teaching/educating increase wages for women, too, which speaks against a general lower value of ‘female-typical’ tasks, at least among the highly qualified.
Full text (PDF)
Showing posts with label working_time. Show all posts
Showing posts with label working_time. Show all posts
Wednesday, 1 February 2017
Wednesday, 29 October 2014
Work preferences after 50
a report from Eurofound
People aged 50+ have a wealth of experience and contribute to society in numerous ways, including paid work, informal care and volunteering. However, particularly in the Member States that have joined the EU since 2004, the situation of people aged 50+ can be a vulnerable one – especially in terms of access to healthcare, housing quality and material deprivation.
Part-time work facilitates a better work–life balance – particularly, it seems, for people aged 50+. Among people aged 50+, both in and out of employment, there is a preference for more part-time options.
Unemployed people of all ages want to work. However, unemployed people aged 50+ who can make ends meet would prefer a considerably shorter working week than those who have difficulties making ends meet – this difference is not found in younger age groups. About half of all retirees who are not in employment say they would like to work, often part-time. Proportions are higher for younger, highly educated and healthy retirees with work experience.
The desire to work among people aged 50+, both those in and out of employment, does not seem to be opposed by partners of people aged 50+.
Download PDF (24 pages) here
People aged 50+ have a wealth of experience and contribute to society in numerous ways, including paid work, informal care and volunteering. However, particularly in the Member States that have joined the EU since 2004, the situation of people aged 50+ can be a vulnerable one – especially in terms of access to healthcare, housing quality and material deprivation.
Part-time work facilitates a better work–life balance – particularly, it seems, for people aged 50+. Among people aged 50+, both in and out of employment, there is a preference for more part-time options.
Unemployed people of all ages want to work. However, unemployed people aged 50+ who can make ends meet would prefer a considerably shorter working week than those who have difficulties making ends meet – this difference is not found in younger age groups. About half of all retirees who are not in employment say they would like to work, often part-time. Proportions are higher for younger, highly educated and healthy retirees with work experience.
The desire to work among people aged 50+, both those in and out of employment, does not seem to be opposed by partners of people aged 50+.
Download PDF (24 pages) here
Monday, 20 August 2012
Working time developments – 2011
a research paper by Jorge Cabrita published by Eurofound
Abstract
In 2011, average collective agreed weekly working time in the European Union stood at 38.1 hours.
The working week was on average 30 minutes shorter in the pre-2004 EU15 countries and over 1 hour and 30 minutes longer in the new Member States.
Agreed normal annual working time averages nearly 1,720 hours in the European Union as a whole – 1,686 hours in the EU15 and over 1,830 hours in the new Member States.
Of the three sectors examined, retail recorded the longest average agreed normal weekly working hours with 38.3 hours, followed by the chemicals sector with 37.9 hours and the civil service with 37.6 hours.
The average collectively agreed paid annual leave entitlement stood at 25.3 days across the EU, being slightly higher in the EU15 countries (26.7 days) and considerably lower in the new Member States (20.8 days).
Contents
Abstract
In 2011, average collective agreed weekly working time in the European Union stood at 38.1 hours.
The working week was on average 30 minutes shorter in the pre-2004 EU15 countries and over 1 hour and 30 minutes longer in the new Member States.
Agreed normal annual working time averages nearly 1,720 hours in the European Union as a whole – 1,686 hours in the EU15 and over 1,830 hours in the new Member States.
Of the three sectors examined, retail recorded the longest average agreed normal weekly working hours with 38.3 hours, followed by the chemicals sector with 37.9 hours and the civil service with 37.6 hours.
The average collectively agreed paid annual leave entitlement stood at 25.3 days across the EU, being slightly higher in the EU15 countries (26.7 days) and considerably lower in the new Member States (20.8 days).
Contents
- Introduction
- Average collectively agreed weekly hours
- Collectively agreed weekly hours, by sector
- Chemicals
- Retail
- Civil service
- Statutory maximum working week and day
- Actual weekly working hours
- Annual leave
- Annual working time
- Annexes
Friday, 30 September 2011
Striking differences in annual leave across EU
Eurofound News September 2011
Substantial differences exist between EU Member States in terms of time off from work: when agreed annual leave and public holidays are added together, workers in Germany and Denmark have 40 days off per year. By contrast, workers in Romania have only 27 days; this difference equates to roughly two-and-a-half working weeks.
Eurofound’s recently published annual update on working time for 2010 looks at some key aspects of working time, including – in addition to annual leave and holidays
– collectively agreed working hours, statutory rules for the length of working weeks and days, and gender differences in working time. Across Europe, men work more hours in their paid job than do women. In the EU15, men work 2.3 hours more per week than their female counterparts and in the new Member States, 1.5 hours more. And in Estonia, Greece and Sweden, men work at least three hours more per week. The report also finds that, in nearly all Member States, Europeans work somewhat longer in reality than their average collectively agreed hours would indicate.
Read more in Working time developments - 2010
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