Exploring the Limits of Social Cognitive Theory: ...

... Why Negatively Reinforced Behaviors on TV May Be Modeled Anyway

an article by Robin L Nabi and Shannon Clark (Department of Communication, University of California, Santa Barbara) in Journal of Communication Volume 58 Issue 3 (2009)

Abstract

Despite extensive discussion of the potential for viewers’ learning of risky health behaviours from TV programming, there has been relatively little effort to test behavioural modelling predictions. That is, it is not clear whether televised depictions of negatively reinforced undesirable behaviours (e.g. unsafe sex), in fact, influence the value viewers attach to those behaviors and their future likelihood of performing them, as social cognitive theory (SCT) would predict. Indeed, we argue that social learning is likely minimal in such contexts due to the programming schemas audiences bring to the viewing experience. In Study 1, the contents of serial TV programming schemas are examined. Results suggest that viewers expect main characters to ultimately survive and thrive, despite the adversity they face. In Study 2, competing predictions from SCT and schema theory are tested. College women (N= 400) were exposed to various portrayals of promiscuous sexual behavior (1-night stands) that were edited to display more or less positive or negative outcomes. Results suggested that, consistent with SCT, those with direct experience with the behaviour were not influenced by the portrayals. However, inconsistent with SCT, but consistent with the schema argument, those without direct experience were more likely to expect future participation in the unsafe behaviour, regardless of the valence of the reinforcement depicted. Implications for future research on media, SCT, and risky behaviours are discussed.

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